秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征及水分生产率的影响

2季冬小麦试验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖具有减少土壤棵间无效蒸发的作用 ,冬小麦返青前 1 m土层贮水量在砂壤土条件下秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理增加 2 %～ 2 5 .8% ,粘壤土条件下增加 2 %～ 1 4.5 %。返青前秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理的日耗水量普遍小 ,返青后情况则相反。秸秆覆盖能够促进作物生长 ,与无覆盖相比 ,提高水分生产效率 4.6%～ 2 5 .2 %。     

冬小麦水分胁迫效应及节水高效灌溉指标体系

在冬小麦的各个生育期，水分胁迫均显著影响小麦矿质营养的吸收、干物质的累积及光合作用等过程，根据时各试验处理麦株个体、群体的生理、生态分析，确立冬小麦各生育期的节水灌溉指标体系。该体系除土壤含水量外，还包括根系湿润层厚度、细胞液浓度、叶水势、蒸腾强度、气孔导度和叶片N、P、K的浓度等指标。     

系统参数对油菜籽挤压机生产率影响的研究

设计了带有榨笼的挤压机用于油菜籽挤压膨化.通过二次旋转正交组合试验,研究了油菜籽含水率、套筒温度、主轴转速及模孔直径对挤压机生产率影响规律,建立了系统参数与生产率的数学模型.结果表明:大模孔、高温、高转速、高含水率可获得高生产率;相反,小模孔、低转速、低温、低含水率的参数组合导致生产率低.     

越冬期地面灌溉技术研究

基于越冬期大田土壤入渗和灌水试验,采用试验研究和模拟分析相结合的方法,分析讨论了冬灌水流运动特点,揭示了表征灌溉效果的各项指标随地中温度的变化特性,提出了提高越冬期灌溉灌水效果的5项技术:短畦灌溉技术、长畦灌溉技术、小流量灌溉技术、秋耕灌溉技术和最冷月免灌技术。研究结果对我国北方缺水地区冬季合理灌溉具有重要指导意义。     

不同秸秆覆盖量对冬小麦生理及土壤温、湿状况的影响

在干旱条件下,采用小区试验,研究了农田不同秸秆覆盖量对冬小麦土壤含水率、土壤温度的影响,比较了冬小麦生理及产量状况。试验设4个处理,秸秆覆盖量分别为0(CK)、0.3(F0.3)、0.6(F0.6)和0.9(F0.9)kg/m2。试验结果表明:在小麦全生育期内秸秆覆盖可有效地保持土壤水分;在小麦返青后F0.6保持了较高的土壤温度,有利于小麦的拔节;实际产量F0.6最高,单方水产量以F0.6最高,F0.9次之,认为在此试验条件下适宜的秸秆覆盖量为0.6 kg/m2。     

肥沙混施对盐碱地冬小麦耗水特性与生长的影响

为解析春限一水条件下盐碱地改良措施对小麦耗水和产量调控作用,于2015—2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季,设置耕层掺黄河泥沙(SS)、配施生物有机肥(FF)和掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥(SF) 3个处理,以不作处理为对照(CK),研究不同处理下农田土壤水分变化和冬小麦干物质积累规律。结果表明:连续3年产量水平为3 317. 77～5 449. 52 kg/hm~2,各处理间以SF处理的籽粒产量最高,该处理与CK相比,籽粒产量提高35%～51%;总耗水量变幅为352. 85～394. 89 mm,不同处理间总耗水量均以CK最低,以SF处理最高(361. 81～394. 89 mm);农田水分利用效率变幅为9. 01～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm),以SF处理最高(12. 02～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm)),比CK高33%～48%,其次为FF处理和SS处理,分别比CK高9%～32%、9%～18%。SS或FF处理可增加冬小麦拔节前0～200 cm土层贮水量,增大拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进冬小麦对土壤贮水和深层土壤水分的利用,最终提高冬小麦的生物量和籽粒产量。冬小麦籽粒产量与干物质积累量、总穗粒数呈显著正相关;水分利用效率与冬小麦耗水量、产量呈二次曲线关系。在本研究条件下,随着籽粒产量提高,水分利用效率快速增加;而随耗水量增加,各处理间水分利用效率增减表现不同。综合考虑产量、收获指数和水分利用效率,确定掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥处理(SF)是本研究条件下的最佳处理。     

冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度模型应用研究

根据霍泉灌区田间试验资料,考虑水分亏缺的后效性,以冠层叶面积指数修正后的作物-水模型作为目标函数,建立二雏动态规划模型,计算冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度。结果显示,该模型充分反映了灌水时间、灌水定额和灌溉水量产生的冬小麦的产量效应,所建模型和参数确定较合理,在实践中更有实用性。     

华北冬小麦-夏玉米农田水分动态模拟研究

冬小麦-夏玉米连作是华北地区主要的粮食作物种植模式。根据华北季节性冻土区的特点,将全年划分为作物生长期与越冬期,分别建立了作物生长条件下农田水分运移模型、冻融条件下土壤水热运移模型。前一模型主要包括参照腾发量计算、腾发量分配、作物根系吸水、土壤表面蒸发、土壤水分特征参数和土壤水分运动等子模型;后一模型主要包括冻土水热耦舍迁移、地气水热交换等子模型。应用以上模型对冬小麦-夏玉米连作条件下的土壤水分过程进行模拟,根据北京永乐店试验资料对模型进行检验。模拟了不同降水水平年、不同灌溉处理下的农田灌溉制度及土壤水分过程,分析了降水、灌溉对农田蒸散、土壤水利用、深层渗漏等的影响。     

Androgenic capability among genotypes of winter and spring barley

Variable efficiency of androgenesis remains a serious problem in many species of cereals. It is still unclear what makes certain genotypes more amenable to androgenesis than others. This study was undertaken to quantify the previously suspected advantage of winter barley genotypes over spring ones with regard to regeneration efficiency in anther culture. The material consisted of 40 barley hybrids originating from Polish breeding companies. The number of androgenic structures per 100 anthers did not differ significantly between analysed groups (119 vs. 152 non‐significant), but the average regeneration of green plants per 100 anthers was five times higher in winter genotypes (6.4 vs. 1.3). The incidence of albinism was lower for the winter than for the spring materials (70% vs. 90%), while the rate of spontaneous chromosome doubling was similar in both groups (58% vs. 56%). The results strongly support the notion that winter genotypes are more amenable to androgenesis and this may be a consequence of their better adaptation to stress conditions.     

Relationship between vernalization requirement and winter hardiness in doubled haploids of barley

Summary Progeny lines of chromosome-doubled haploids from crosses between one winter and four spring barley varieties were analysed for winter hardiness and vernalization requirement in the field. About one quarter or less of the offspring lines required vernalization under field conditions showing that winter versus spring habit of growth is controlled by at least two pairs of genes. The vernalization requirement could be measured quantitatively by testing a few plants in a greenhouse after artificial cold treatment during germination. The individual winter lines tested required from two to seven weeks of vernalization in order to flower as early as possible. The cold treatment had no effect on the time of flowering in the spring lines.Winter hardiness varied from zero to 100% plant survival in the field. The majority of the lines requiring vernalization survived better than 90% and the survival of the rest was at least 60%. The winter survival of the spring lines varied from zero per cent (about one third of the lines) to 100%. Hence, it is possible to obtain lines of good winter hardiness without requirements for cold treatment. Conversely, a selection for vernalization requirement has a positive effect on winter hardiness.